Comparative analysis of sulfated l-idose and l-iduronic acid in neoproteoglycan cell surface engineering

Abstract

Herein, we report the synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan mimetics bearing iduronic acid (IdoA) and sulfated L-idose (Ido) hexasaccharides to assess how these isostructural sugars with similar charge density influence neoproteoglycan display on the cell membrane. PG@I2, carrying sulfated L-idose, showed rapid internalization in both cancerous and normal cells, whereas PG@I1, containing native IdoA expressed on the cell membrane and slowly internalized, underscoring the role of IdoA in HSPG cell surface engineering.