The Nitric Oxide Prodrug V-PROLI/NO Inhibits Cellular Uptake of Proline

Abstract

V-PYRRO/NO is a well-studied nitric oxide (NO) prodrug that has been shown to protect human liver cells from arsenic, acetaminophen, and other toxic assaults in vivo. Its proline-based analogue, V-PROLI/NO, was designed to be a more biocompatible form that decomposes to the naturally occurring metabolites of proline, NO, and glycolaldehyde. Like V-PYRRO/NO, this cytochrome P450-activated prodrug was previously assumed to passively diffuse through the cellular membrane. Using 14C-labeled proline in a competition assay, we show that V-PROLI/NO is transported through proline transporters into multiple cell lines. A fluorescent NO-sensitive dye (DAF-FM diacetate) and nitrite excretion indicated elevated intracellular NO release after metabolism over V-PYRRO/NO. These results also allowed us to predict and design a more permeable analogue, V-SARCO/NO. We report a proline transporter-based strategy for the selective transport of NO prodrugs that may have enhanced efficacy and aid in the development of further NO prodrugs with increased permeability.